Suppose we wish to estimate the mean μ of a population. In actual practice we would typically take just one sample. Imagine however that we take sample after sample, all of the same size n, and compute the sample mean x - of each one. We will likely get a different value of x - each time. The sample mean x - is a random variable: it varies from sample to sample in a way that cannot be predicted with certainty. We will write X - when the sample mean is thought of as a random variable, and write x - for the values that it takes. The random variable X - has a mean The number about which means computed from samples of the same size center. , denoted μ X - , and a standard deviation A measure of the variability of means computed from samples of the same size. , denoted σ X - . Here is an example with such a small population and small sample size that we can actually write down every single sample.
A rowing team consists of four rowers who weigh 152, 156, 160, and 164 pounds. Find all possible random samples with replacement of size two and compute the sample mean for each one. Use them to find the probability distribution, the mean, and the standard deviation of the sample mean X - .
The following table shows all possible samples with replacement of size two, along with the mean of each:
| Sample | Mean | Sample | Mean | Sample | Mean | Sample | Mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 152, 152 | 152 | 156, 152 | 154 | 160, 152 | 156 | 164, 152 | 158 |
| 152, 156 | 154 | 156, 156 | 156 | 160, 156 | 158 | 164, 156 | 160 |
| 152, 160 | 156 | 156, 160 | 158 | 160, 160 | 160 | 164, 160 | 162 |
| 152, 164 | 158 | 156, 164 | 160 | 160, 164 | 162 | 164, 164 | 164 |
The table shows that there are seven possible values of the sample mean X - . The value x - = 152 happens only one way (the rower weighing 152 pounds must be selected both times), as does the value x - = 164 , but the other values happen more than one way, hence are more likely to be observed than 152 and 164 are. Since the 16 samples are equally likely, we obtain the probability distribution of the sample mean just by counting:
x - 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 P ( x - ) 1 16 2 16 3 16 4 16 3 16 2 16 1 16
Now we apply the formulas from Section 4.2.2 "The Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable" in Chapter 4 "Discrete Random Variables" for the mean and standard deviation of a discrete random variable to X - . For μ X - we obtain.
μ X - = Σ x - P ( x - ) = 152 ( 1 16 ) + 154 ( 2 16 ) + 156 ( 3 16 ) + 158 ( 4 16 ) + 160 ( 3 16 ) + 162 ( 2 16 ) + 164 ( 1 16 ) = 158
For σ X - we first compute Σ x - 2 P ( x - ) :
152 2 ( 1 16 ) + 154 2 ( 2 16 ) + 156 2 ( 3 16 ) + 158 2 ( 4 16 ) + 160 2 ( 3 16 ) + 162 2 ( 2 16 ) + 164 2 ( 1 16 )
which is 24,974, so that
σ X - = Σ x - 2 P ( x - ) − μ x - 2 = 24,974 − 158 2 = 10
The mean and standard deviation of the population in the example are μ = 158 and σ = 20 . The mean of the sample mean X - that we have just computed is exactly the mean of the population. The standard deviation of the sample mean X - that we have just computed is the standard deviation of the population divided by the square root of the sample size: 10 = 20 / 2 . These relationships are not coincidences, but are illustrations of the following formulas.
Suppose random samples of size n are drawn from a population with mean μ and standard deviation σ. The mean μ X - and standard deviation σ X - of the sample mean X - satisfy
μ X - = μ and σ X - = σ n
The first formula says that if we could take every possible sample from the population and compute the corresponding sample mean, then those numbers would center at the number we wish to estimate, the population mean μ.
The second formula says that averages computed from samples vary less than individual measurements on the population do, and quantifies the relationship.
The mean and standard deviation of the tax value of all vehicles registered in a certain state are μ = $ 13,525 and σ = $ 4,180 . Suppose random samples of size 100 are drawn from the population of vehicles. What are the mean μ X - and standard deviation σ X - of the sample mean X - ?
Since n = 100, the formulas yield
μ X - = μ = $ 13,525 and σ X - = σ n = $ 4180 100 = $ 418
Random samples of size 225 are drawn from a population with mean 100 and standard deviation 20. Find the mean and standard deviation of the sample mean.
Random samples of size 64 are drawn from a population with mean 32 and standard deviation 5. Find the mean and standard deviation of the sample mean.